Objective 1: Understanding Solutions
1. What are the characteristics of solutions, colloids, and suspensions?
Solutions are mixtures in which the particles are all the same. Colloids are mixtures with larger particles than solutions and they "settle out" eventually. Suspensions are mixtures with the largest particles that "settle out" quickly.
2. What happens to the particles of a solute when a solution forms?
They fill in the spaces of the solvent's particles and become the same.
3. How do solutes affect the freezing point and boiling point of a solvent?
They raise the freezing point and lower the boiling point of a solvent.
4. Suppose you mix food coloring in water to make it blue. Have you made a solution or solution or a suspension? Explain.
It is a solution because once it mixes together it cannot separate.
5. What effects do solutes have on a solvent’s freezing and boiling points?
They raise the freezing point and lower the boiling point of a solvent.
Objective 2: Concentration and Solubility
1. How is a concentration measured?
It is measured in moles.
2. Why is solubility useful in identifying substances?
You can identify a substance by its solubility because it is a characteristic property of matter.
3. What factors affect the solubility of a substance?
The polarity of the substance and the solvent, the temperature of the solvent, and the pressure.
4. How does temperature affect the solubility of most solids?
If the solution process absorbs energy, increasing the temperature would increase solubility. But if the solution process releases energy, increasing the temperature would decrease solubility.
5. How can solubility help you identify a substance?
You can identify a substance by its solubility because it is a characteristic property of matter.
Objective 3: Describing Acids and Bases
1. What are four properties of acids?
Acids are sour, corrosive to metals, make litmus paper turn read, and often end with -ic.
2. What are four properties of bases?
Bases are bitter, slippery, make litmus paper turn blue, and often end in -ide.
3. How can you use litmus paper to distinguish an acid from a base?
If it turns red, it's a acid. If it turns blue, it's a base.
4. How might you tell if a food contains an acid as one of its ingredients?
The ending of the name end's in -ic. i.e. sulfuric acid
5. Why is it wise to wear gloves when spreading fertilizer in a garden?
It might toxicate you.
Objective 4: Acids and Bases in Solution
1. Which ion is found in acids?
Hydrogen ions.
2. Which kinds of ions do acids and bases form in water?
Acids form hydrogen ions and bases form hydroxide ions.
3. What ions will the acid HNO3 form when dissolved in water?
Hydrogen ions.
4. What does a substance’s pH tell you?
It tells you how acidic or basic it is.
5. If a solution has a pH of 6, would the solution contain more or fewer hydrogen ions (H+) than an equal volume of solution with a pH of 3?
Fewer hydrogen ions.
Objective 6: Key Terms
1. Acid: any substance or compound that can reach with a base to create a salt
2. Neutralization: reaction between an acid and a base that creates a salt or water
3. indicator: a substance that indicates the presence, absence, or concentration of another substance or the degree of reaction between substances
4. corrosive: causing or related to the gradual destruction of an object by chemical action
5. hydroxide ion: the negatively charged ion OH of any base in a water solution